The Appendix to Frederick Douglass Narrative Essay -- Narrative of th

O th sin th white people 'mitted at the point when they made th book of scriptures lie. You're fortunate that my kin Are more grounded than yo' malicious, Or on the other hand yo' ass, would 'a got the push. Ice Cube, The Predator Frederick Douglass absolutely realized that his account may be taken by numerous individuals of his perusers as a cognizant dismissal of Christian confidence. As needs be, he advises his perusers that the incorporation of an Appendix toward the finish of his story ought to be viewed as an endeavor to expel the obligation of such confusion from their considerations. Such a demonstration infers, that the Appendix owes its reality to factors lying outside of the story, and, for sure, Douglass frequently uses the Appendix to pre-empt analysis by railing against his informers: Dull and horrible just like this image, I hold it to be carefully valid for the staggering mass of declared Christians in America. They resist a gnat, and swallow a camel. Would anything be able to be all the more valid for our holy places? They would be stunned at the suggestion of fellowshipping a sheep-stealer, and simultaneously they embrace to their fellowship a man-stealer, and brand me with being a heathen, in the event that I criticize them for it. (Douglass, 328.) This uncovers the hesitant connection of Appendix to primary content, it's very incorporation featuring the need Douglass felt to explain his strict feelings. Such a need is demonstrative of an unsure battle inside Narrative of the Life to keep up a cognizant voice while at the same time complying with endorsed thoughts of slave-account structure. Abolitionist talk, additionally, carried strain to hold up under upon Douglass' methodology, his benefactors consistently a factor in the plan of so clearly political a content. Douglass' tutor, William Lloyd Garrison, and Wendell Phil... ...arrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1845. Henry Louis Gates, ed. The Classic Slave Narratives. New York: Mentor, 1987. Eric J. Sundquist, ed. Frederick Douglass: New Literary and Historical Essays. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1990. Donald B. Gibson. Confidence, Doubt and Apostasy. Waldo E. Martin, Jnr. The Mind of Frederick Douglass. College of North Carolina Press, 1984. William Loser Katy. Breaking the Chains: African-American Slave Resistance. New York: Atheneum, 1990. James Brewer Stewart. Blessed Warriors: the Abolitionists and American Slavery. New York: Hill and Wang,1976. Henry Louis Gates.The Signifying Monkey. New York: Oxford University Press,1988. Doors. The Trope of the Talking Book. David Van Leer. Understanding Slavery: The Anxiety of Ethnicity in Douglass' Narrative.

Historical and Cultural Perspectives of Luxury, with example of Luxury Essay

Verifiable and Cultural Perspectives of Luxury, with case of Luxury phenomenn in Russia - Essay Example The standard importance of fundamental necessities will join sustenance, withstanding, and clothing. Needs, not at all like needs, are objective or boundless. Needs, not at all like needs, are intentional. Lopsided longings are ravenous. (Friedman.V., 2012) Why an undertaking to view extravagance from a recorded perspective? Right off the bat, by examining how unmistakable social requests in assorted occasions of our history oversaw extravagance, we can draw nearer to what it genuinely stays for and its relationship with various thoughts, for instance, wealth, influence, and whatnot. Plus, an in-significance recorded perspective will moreover outfit us with significant bits of information into lion's share rules framework, enthusiasm, social agreeableness, human characteristics, and relationship to God, and various pieces of the human social and budgetary life. Thirdly, such an endeavor will point out the way that inside and out history, practically all undertakings to control people propensity to extravagance fail to do thusly, which exhibits to us clearly that such restrictions today are well en route to crash and burn as well. All around the recorded background of mankind extravagance has been a consistent segment in the lives of individuals and underway of intellectuals, scholars, administrators, business analysts. Extravagance has been almost reviewed in context of accommodating it a real definition, finding its suggestions and properties, its underlying foundations, reasons and results. However none of the various undertakings to do so can gloat a comprehensive examination of this issue. In its advancement in time, extravagance has been both recognized and reprimanded, there were times when its signs were engaged or in spite of what may be normal dampened. A specific region of extravagance in the human spirit dated as by and by as the third thousand years BC. Simultaneously for such an assortment of several years it has been associated with the possibility of wealth, both being observed as

Pre-Employment Credit Checks What are They and Whats On Them

Pre-Employment Credit Checks What are They and Whats On Them Pre-Employment Credit Checks: What are They and Whats On Them? Pre-Employment Credit Checks: What are They and Whats On Them?Employers can and do run pre-employment credit checks as a part of your application process, but they need your permission to do so.Getting a better paying job can be a good step towards improving your credit score. With more money, you’ll have a better chance of paying off your debt and keeping up with your bills going forward. But could a pre-employment credit check when you have poor credit hurt your chances of getting a new job in the first place?For that matter, can potential employers even see your credit score? And will they use it as a factor when considering whether or not to offer you the job?  We spoke to the experts to find out the answers to this pressing job interview inquiry. Pre-employment credit checks will pull your credit report.So, if an employer runs a pre-employment credit check, will they be able to see your credit score?Here’s what nationally recognized credit expert Jeanne Kelly  told us: “a prospective employer might want to pull your credit report. They do not get your credit score, just a report.”“A credit check is a record of a person’s credit-to-debt ratio and shows how someone has managed credit and bill payments in the past and is one of the pre-employment searches a company can run before deciding whether to hire someone,” explained Elizabeth McLean, an FCRA compliance attorney for GoodHire. “It is important to note that the employer can view the person’s credit history, but not their credit score.”Some poor decisions can be found without a credit check.And what sort of things might an employer find when they look into your credit history? Unfortunately, they might not always be good.“While employers may not be able to check your actual credit score, bankruptcies, and other financial headlines that are published online will surface if a potential employer digs into your search profile,” warned Jonas Sickler, marketing director for ReputationMan agement.com. “If a hiring manager, client, or business partner searches your name and discovers an unsavory financial reputation, they could make assumptions about your character and judgment.”But while it is possible for potential employers to run a pre-employment credit check, is it actually likely?Pre-employment credit checks require your permission.First of all, it’s important to know that your employer can’t just check your credit report without your knowledge and consent, so you won’t be taken by total surprise, at least.“Employers may only check your credit reports with your expressed written consent,” advised Michelle Black, credit expert and president at www.HOPE4USA.com. “Of course, keep in mind that if you withhold your consent you are not likely to get hired either.”McLean expanded on when and where potential employers can take your credit into consideration: “The FCRA mandates that the employer get written consent to run a credit check first, and if they decide not to hire someone based on information they find in the credit check, the employer must notify the person in writing and give the person an opportunity to explain what was found on the report. There are additional state and local prohibitions regulating the use of credit history in hiring decisions. Roughly a dozen states restrict the use of credit history in hiring, and a handful of cities also have similar restrictions in place.”These credit checks are more common in certain industries.As far as how likely your credit is to impact your chance at getting hired, it depends.“Some employers will pass over an applicant due to problems on a credit report, especially within certain industries,” Black outlined. “Additionally, if you and another applicant are equally qualified for a position a great credit report might make you stand out among the competition. Negative marks on your credit reports do unfortunately have the potential to cost you a job.”And what are t he sorts of industries Black is alluding to? Financial, mainly. As McLean said: “Companies that run a pre-employment credit check are typically hiring for positions in the financial services industry where the employee would manage money, or has access to money on a daily basis.”So now you know there’s a chance your credit score will impact your odds of getting the job. How can you mitigate the possibility of bad credit impacting your hiring prospects?Bad credit can be an obstacle, but its rarely a deal breaker.Even if you have bad credit, that doesn’t mean you automatically have to give up on a job you want that will be taking it into consideration. Fortunately, Ketan Kapoor, CEO co-founder Mettl,  offered us a guide to managing the job application process when you have less than ideal credit:“The fear of rejection is quite natural, when you are already obsessing over a poor credit score killing your hiring chances. Remember that even if a credit check is in place, that won’t get precedence over the skills you have. When organizations are looking to fill urgent positions, wherein they require someone to take over as soon as possible, the credit score agenda takes a backseat. So, simply focus on highlighting your skills or experience and be your best version during the interview“Even if you have a bad credit score, most organizations provide a chance to explain the reasons along with a detailed plan to overcome the problem. So, your job is to convince the recruiter or the HR that you are working for a fix and are expecting an improvement quite soon. Come up with a detailed answer about your finances and record positive changes before appearing for any interview. Reiterating the first strategy, try to keep your focus limited to the skills that they are currently looking for and boost your past academic and professional achievements. All of this can help in masking your bad credit score and nailing the job offer.Your new job can also be a fresh st art.“Although the fact goes without saying, there can’t be a more opportune time to start fixing your bad credit. Use the ‘hiring excuse’ to push yourself into establishing good financial habits for both your personal and professional good, rather than spending sleepless nights worrying about credit scores axing your hiring chances. Make a debt repayment plan, start a sizable financial fund every month and repeat the process until the results are evident in your credit history.”You can’t fix your credit score overnight, but it shouldnt be too hard to keep it from affecting your job prospects. And once you get that sweet new gig, youll have taken the first step to a better financial journey!To learn more about how a poor credit score  can affect your life in unexpected ways, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How Bad Credit Can Affect Your UtilitiesHow Much More Does it Cost to Live With Bad Credit?Can You Have Bad Credit Even With a Good Income?Has your bad credit score ever gotten in the way of you getting hired?  We want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsMichelle Black  (@MichelleLBlack)  is a credit expert and President at  www.HOPE4USA.com, a credit education program located in the Charlotte, NC area. Ketan Kapoor (@ketankapoor), CEO Co-Founder Mettl, was presented with the Economic Times 40 Under 40 Entrepreneurship Award in 2017, being named one of the top business leaders in the country. Mettl helps organizations make better people decisions with their suite of scientific tools for people evaluation.Jeanne Kelly  (@creditscoop)  is an author, speaker, and coach who educates people to achieve a higher credit score and  understand credit reporting. #HealthyCredit is her motto.  As the founder of The Kelly Group in 2000 and the author of The 90-Day Credit Challenge, Jeanne Kelly is a nationally recognized authority on credit consulting and credit score improvem ent.Elizabeth McLean is an attorney and FCRA compliance analyst for  GoodHire (@goodhiretweets), an employment screening company. She follows new legislation and court decisions and advises the company on processes that follow compliance best practices. A graduate of the University of North Carolina School of Law with Honors, she also holds an Advanced FCRA certification from the National Association of Professional Background Screeners.Jonas Sickler  is responsible for building and executing the digital marketing strategy at  ReputationManagement.com (@repmgmt_com). The broad scope of his role encompasses strategic content creation, web analytics, and developing and deploying targeted digital campaigns from concept to completion.

Emergency Lesson Plans for Elementary Teachers

There are going to be times when you will be absent from school due to unforeseen circumstances. To ensure your classroom continues to run smoothly, you should plan ahead by creating emergency lesson plans. These plans will provide the substitute teacher with what should be covered throughout the day. Its a good idea to keep these lesson plans in the main office or mark where they are located somewhere in your substitute folder. Here are a few ideas that you can add to your emergency plan folder: Reading/Writing Provide a list of writing prompts and have the students use their creative writing skills to develop a story based on the prompt they chose.Provide the substitute with a few books to read to the students and have him/her choose any of the following activities for the students to complete:Write a paragraph telling what character was your favorite.Write a paragraph telling what your favorite part of the story was.Discuss a book that was similar to the one that you just heard.Make a bookmark and include the name of the book, the author, the main character and a picture of an important event that happened in the story.Write an extension of the story.Write a new ending to the story.Write what you think will happen next in the story.Write spelling words in ABC order.Have students answer questions from textbooks that you normally would not have the students answer.Provide a copy of the book Harold and the Purple Crayon by Crockett Johnson and have the students use the ready strategy Sketch- to-Stretch to re-tell the story.Have students use the letters in their spelling words to make sentences. For example, if they had the spelling word Storm they would use the letters to write the sentence, Sally tasted only red MMs. Games/Art Play bingo with spelling words. Have students fold paper into squares and write one spelling word on each square.Play the game Around the World with addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, spelling words or states.Play Spelling Relay. Separate students into teams (boys vs girls, rows) then call out a spelling word and the first team to write it correctly on the front board gets a point for their team.Play the Dictionary Game. Make sure you have enough dictionaries for all students or at least for teams of two. Then hand out a worksheet with at least 10 words on it for the students to find their meaning and write a sentence about it.Have students draw a map of their classroom and provide a key for it.Make a poster of your favorite book. Include the title, author, main character and main idea of the story. Quick Tips Make lessons that are simple and easy to do. You never know the expertise of the teacher that will be in your classroom.Make sure plans cover ALL subjects. Your best bet is to have these lessons be review lessons because the substitute will have no idea where you are in your curriculum, and you will not know when the emergency will occur.Include a few easy worksheets or Scholastic News magazines that the students can read and discuss together as a class.Prepare a theme for the day folder and place related activities in the folder. Ideas for themes are space, sports, bugs, etc.Allow the substitute to offer the students an extra 15 minutes of free time at the end of the day if the students behaved appropriately.

Cathedral By Raymond Carver Analysis - 1631 Words

Cathedral is a short story written by American writer and poet Raymond Carver. (2017) The story was first published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1981 and appeared in The Americas Best Short Stories in 1982. (2012) In the short story cathedral, the narrator’s wife’s blind friend is coming to visit. The narrator isn’t thrilled about his wife’s blind friend coming to visit nor is he happy that the man is blind. Later in the evening the narrator experiences a life changing realization of the true meaning of seeing after connecting with the blind man whom he previously had no interest in knowing. In the short story â€Å"Cathedral† Raymond Carver revels through character description that those who are blind see the world differently from those who†¦show more content†¦(Famous Authors 2012) The narrator beings the story by telling the readers about his wife’s blind friend that is coming to visit. The narrator isn’t very thrilled about the blind man coming to visit nor is he thrilled that the man is blind. The narrator explains how his wife had met. The narrator’s wife and the blind man became good friends, He explains that his wife and the blind man have kept in touch over the years by sending audio tapes back and forth. The narrator begins making fun of the man for being blind and mentions how awful the blind man’s wife must have felt knowing her husband was never able to know what she looked like. The day comes and the narrator’s wife goes to pick up the blind man who is introduced as Robert. When the narrator’s wife arrives back to the house the narrator is shocked when he sees the blind man. He begins describing what the blind man is wearing and how the blind man doesn’t carry a cane or have a blind walking dog and h ow the blind man doesn’t wear glasses like he pictured. They sat down to the table and ate dinner, after dinner they sat down in the living room. Robert begins talking to the narrator’s wife about his life the past ten years. The narrator observers and listens to their conversation but doesn’t really join in. Later the story the narrator’s wife falls asleep on the couch. The narrator not really knowing what to talk about with Robert turns theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesMistakable Judgments An Analysis of â€Å"Cathedral† Raymond Carver wrote a long-lived short story name â€Å"Cathedral†. Where a divorced women remarried after a hard experience to a person who is struggling to accept his wife’s very long relationship with a blind man. Her new husband suspiciousness controls his emotions and draw his thoughts falsely. As her very old friendship was having an unfortunate event that his wife had passed away, he arranged with her a visit to their house, which concerned herRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1696 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Everyone has ghosts in their closets; something they are running from, or trying to bury alive. Cathedral, written by Raymond Carver, takes place in the early 1980’s. Originally published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1981. Carver slightly revised the story and re-released it in 1983. At a time when the blue collar working class lived paycheck to paycheck, working hard for newfound luxuries such as color television, this short story is humorous and eye-opening for the reader. For adultsRead MoreRaymond Carver Cathedral Analysis1231 Words   |  5 PagesIn Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†, it tells the story of a man whose wife one summer, worked for a blind man. The blind man and the husband’s wife, kept in touch throughout the years by sending cassettes back and forth in the mail. The blind man’s wife recently died and the husband’s wife invites him to say in her home, but her husband is displeased by this request. In the beginning of the story, the husband is very rude to the blind man and finds amusement by making fun of the blind man’s disabilityRead MoreCathedral Raymond Carver Analysis1212 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Cathedral,† Carver’s use of visualization and climactic change of character emphasizes the theme that looking and seeing are two very different things. When Raymond Carver had his wife’s blind friend, Robert, join them for a few days, he should’ve been more understanding and empathetic with Robert’s blindness instead of just avoiding it or brushing it off as if it’s not there. Carver did very well in changing his ways and learning to accept and understand Robert. Carver also did a good job ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1648 Words   |  7 Pages Cathedral is a capitivating story based on the lives of the narrator, his wife and a blind man. Raymond Carver is the author of this story, and he does an excellent job allowing the reader to delve into the lives of these characters. Through using the thoughts of the narrator, the reader is able to grab our attention because the story is made more realistic. The views expressed by the narrator in many senses exemplify the views of many in society and therefore the reader is able to make an emotionalRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Cathedral `` By Raymond Carver920 Words   |  4 PagesRaymond Carver’s unnamed narrator in â€Å"Cathedral† provides a first-person point of view. This perspective opens a clear window into the feelings, attitudes, and the isolation of the unnamed narrator. The narrator’s tone of voice reveals his feelings and personality. This contributes to the story’s themes because the reader comes to understand things that the narrator never dir ectly or deliberately reveals; as a result, the reader comes to empathize with the narrator more deeply. Isolation and lonelinessRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver Cathedral1260 Words   |  6 PagesRaymond Carver is often known for his writing style known as minimalism, a style that often uses short phrases or sentences that convey a great amount of meaning. Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† is full of minimalism, whether it be short and repetitive dialogue or brief thoughts that go through the narrators mind. These intentionally precise sentences are full of meaning, whether it be the importance of communication, or the lack of, the underlying tones of death and jealously, or even the psychological connectionRead MoreAnalysis Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver1541 Words   |  7 PagesA New Perspective Everyone at one point has judged a book by its cover. In the short story, â€Å"Cathedral†, Raymond Carver creates a narrator who bases off ideas and assumptions about blind people from movies. The narrator has never interacted with a blind person before the day where his wife invites her friend, who is named Robert, to stay. The narrator and Robert have never met, but the narrator has a strong dislike towards Robert before meeting. The narrator’s closed-mindedness and misconceptionsRead MoreAn Analysis Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver1441 Words   |  6 Pages Cathedral Research Paper The short story â€Å"Cathedral†, by Raymond Carver, is a thought provoking piece that focuses on the transition a man goes through to see the world with his soul. The story gives hope that people can change if given the chance to be better people. Over the course of the story, Carver uses both diction and description to explore themes in religion and morality. â€Å"Cathedral† depicts a husband and a wife as they prepare and entertain a friend of the wife. The husband, the narratorRead MoreRaymond Carver Cathedral Analysis985 Words   |  4 Pages In Raymond Carver’s story, â€Å"Cathedral,† we meet the nameless protagonist who is about to meet an old friend of his wife’s. The friend’s name is Robert and he is blind. In the beginning of the story, the narrator is uncomfortable with the idea of having someone with a disability, like Robert’s, in his home. He makes judgments about Robert and assumes that he is going to be like the blind people he has seen in the movies. We also learn the background information about how hife wife and Robert met

Propeller Free Essays

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III – Direct Current Machines – Edward Spooner DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES Edward Spooner The University Of New South Wales, Australia. Keywords: Electric machines, dc motor, electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s Law, commutator. We will write a custom essay sample on Propeller or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contents U SA NE M SC PL O E– C EO H AP LS TE S R S 1. Introduction 2. Magnetism and Electromagnetic principles 2. 1. Permanent Magnets 2. 2. Magnetic Field around Conductors 2. 3. Magnetic Field around a Coil 2. 4. Electromagnets 2. 5. Magnetic Strength of Electromagnets 2. 6. Electromagnetic Induction 3. Current Carrying Wires and Coils 3. . Force on a Wire in a Magnetic Field 3. 2. Force and Torque on a Coil in a Magnetic Field 4. Basic Motor Principles 4. 1. The Commutator and Motor Action 4. 2. Simplified Version of the dc Motor 4. 3. Sizes of Machines (related to Torque) 4. 4. Construction of Motors 4. 5. The Stator of a dc Machine 4. 6. Rotor 4. 7. The Commutator 4. 8. Electromotive Force (EMF) in dc Machines 5. Machine equations and circuits 5. 1. Basic Equivalent Circuit of a dc Motor. 5. 2. Direct current Motor Operation Torque generation 5. 3 DC Machine Torque Equations 5. 4. DC Machine Equations and Speed Regulation . 5. Machine Power and Losses 6. Types of dc Ma chine 6. 1. Permanent Magnet 6. 2 Shunt Wound 6. 3 Separately Excited 6. 4. Series Connected 6. 5. Compound Connected Motor 7. Stepper Motors 7. 1. General 7. 2. Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors 7. 3. Reluctance Stepper Motors 7. 4. Torque – Step Rate 8. Conclusions  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III – Direct Current Machines – Edward Spooner Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary This chapter gives a background to the principles behind the operation of dc motors and stepper motors. Permanent magnet, shunt, separately excited, series and compound wound dc motor connections are described. A description of the equations behind the basic behavior of these machines is given and the torque vs speed and speed vs armature (voltage and current) characteristics are illustrated, which gives a background to the control of these motors. U SA NE M SC PL O E– C EO H AP LS TE S R S 1. Introduction Electrical machinery has been in existence for many years. The applications of electrical machines have expanded rapidly since their first use many years ago. At the present time, applications continue to increase at a rapid rate. The use of electrical motors has increased for home appliances and industrial and commercial applications for driving machines and sophisticated equipment. Many machines and automated industrial equipment require precise control. Direct current motors are ideal for applications where speed and torque control are required. Direct current motor design and complexity has changed from early times where dc machines were used primarily for traction applications. Direct current motors are used for various applications ranging from steel rolling mills to tiny robotic systems. Motor control methods have now become more critical to the efficient and effective operation of machines and equipment. Such innovations as servo control systems and industrial robots have led to new developments in motor design. Our complex system of transportation has also had an impact on the use of electrical machines. Automobiles and other means of ground transportation use electrical motors for starting and generators for their battery-charging systems. Recently there have been considerable developments in electric vehicles and also in hybrid electric vehicles which use a combination of a dc motor and an internal combustion engine for efficient operation. In this chapter machines driven by dc electrical supplies are considered. Since the operation of this type of machine is based upon the flow of current in conductors and their interaction with magnetic fields, common principles that underlie the behavior of dc machines will be examined first. 2. Magnetism and Electromagnetic Principles Magnetism and electromagnetic principles are the basis of operation of rotating electrical machines and power systems. For this reason, a review of basic magnetic and electromagnetic principles will be given.  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III – Direct Current Machines – Edward Spooner 2. 1. Permanent Magnets Permanent magnets are generally made of iron, cobalt, nickel or other ‘hard’ magnetic materials, usually in an alloy combination. The ends of a magnet are called north and south poles. The north pole of a magnet will attract the south pole of another permanent magnet. A north pole repels another north pole and a south pole repels another south pole. The two laws of magnetism are: 1) Unlike poles attract (see Figure 1); 2) Like poles repel (see Figure 2). U SA NE M SC PL O E– C EO H AP LS TE S R S The magnetic field patterns when two permanent magnets are placed end to end are shown in Figures 1 and 2. When the magnets are farther apart, a smaller force of attraction or repulsion exists. A magnetic field, made up of lines of force or magnetic flux, is set up around any magnetic material. These magnetic flux lines are invisible but have a definite direction from the magnet’s north to south pole along the outside of the magnet. When magnetic flux lines are close together, the magnetic field is stronger than when further apart. These basic principles of magnetism are extremely important for the operation of electrical machines. Figure 1: Unlike poles attract Figure 2: Like poles repel 2. 2. Magnetic Field around Conductors Current-carrying conductors, such as those in electrical machines, produce a magnetic field. It is possible to show the presence of a magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor. A compass may be used to show that magnetic flux lines around a conductor are circular in shape.  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III – Direct Current Machines – Edward Spooner A method of remembering the direction of magnetic flux around a conductor is the right-hand â€Å"cork-screw† rule. If a conductor is held in the right hand as shown in Figure 3, with the thumb pointing in the direction of current flow from positive to negative, the fingers then encircle the conductor, pointing in the direction of the magnetic flux lines. U SA NE M SC PL O E– C EO H AP LS TE S R S Figure 3: Right-hand rule The circular magnetic field is stronger near the conductor and becomes weaker at a greater distance. A cross-sectional end view of a conductor with current flowing toward the observer is shown in Figure 4. Current flow towards the observer is shown by a circle with a dot in the centre. Notice that the direction of the magnetic flux lines is counter-clockwise, as verified by using the right-hand rule. Figure 4: Current out of the page When the direction of current flow through a conductor is reversed, the direction of the magnetic lines of force is also reversed. The cross-sectional end view of a conductor in Figure 5 shows current flow in a direction away from the observer. Notice that the direction of the magnetic lines of force is now clockwise. Figure 5: Current into the page  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III – Direct Current Machines – Edward Spooner When two conductors are placed parallel to each other, and the direction of current through both of them is the same, the magnetic field lines amalgamate to become one and the two conductors attracted together. See Figure 6. Figure 6: Two parallel conductors U SA NE M SC PL O E– C EO H AP LS TE S R S The presence of magnetic lines of force around a current-carrying conductor can be observed by using a compass. When a compass is moved around the outside of a conductor, its needle will align itself tangentially to the lines of force as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7: Field’s effect on a compass When current flow is in the opposite direction, the compass polarity reverses but remains tangential to the conductor. 2. 3. Magnetic Field around a Coil The magnetic field around one loop of wire is shown in Figure 8. Figure 8: Loop of wire  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III – Direct Current Machines – Edward Spooner U SA NE M SC PL O E– C EO H AP LS TE S R S Magnetic flux lines extend around the conductor as shown when current passes through the loop. Inside the loop, the magnetic flux is in one direction. When many loops are joined together to form a coil as shown in the Figure 9, the magnetic flux lines surround the coil as shown in Figure 10. The field produced by a coil is much stronger than the field of one loop of wire. The field produced by a coil is similar in shape to the field around a bar magnet. A coil carrying current, often with an iron or steel core inside it is called an electromagnet. The purpose of a core is to provide a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, thus increasing the flux that will be present in the coil for a given number of turns and current through the coil. Figure 9: Coil formed by loops Figure 10: Cross-sectional view of the above coil 2. 4. Electromagnets Electromagnets are produced when current flows through a coil of wire as shown below. Almost all electrical machines have electromagnetic coils. The north pole of a coil of wire is the end where the lines of force exit, while the south polarity is the end where the lines of force enter the coil. To find the north pole of a coil, use the right-hand rule for polarity, as shown in Figure 11. Grasp the coil with the right hand. Point the fingers in the direction of current flow through the coil, and the thumb will point to the north polarity of the coil. When the polarity of the voltage source is reversed, the magnetic poles of the coil reverse. Figure 11: Finding the north pole of an electromagnet  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III – Direct Current Machines – Edward Spooner The poles of an electromagnet can be checked by placing a compass near a pole of the electromagnet. The north-seeking pole of the compass will point toward the north pole of the coil. 2. 5. Magnetic Strength of Electromagnets The magnetic strength of an electromagnet depends on three factors: (1) the amount of current passing through the coil, (2) the number of turns of wire, and (3) the type of core material. The number of magnetic lines of force is increased by increasing the current, by increasing the number of turns of wire, by decreasing any air gap in the path of the magnetic flux, or by using a more desirable type of core material. . 6. Electromagnetic Induction U SA NE M SC PL O E– C EO H AP LS TE S R S The principle of electromagnetic induction is one of the most important discoveries in the development of modern electrical technology. Electromagnetic induction is the induction of electric voltage in an electrical circuit caused by a change in the magnetic field coupled to the circuit. When electrical conductors, such as alternator windings, are moved within a magne tic field, an electrical voltage is developed in the conductors. The electrical voltage produced in this way is called an induced voltage. A simplified illustration showing how induced voltage is developed is shown in Figure 12. Michael Faraday developed this principle in the early nineteenth century. Figure 12: Faraday’s Law If a conductor is placed within the magnetic field of a horseshoe magnet so that the left side of the magnet has a north pole (N) and the right side has a south pole (S), magnetic lines of force travel from the north pole of the magnet to the south pole. The ends of the conductor in Figure12 are connected to a volt meter to measure the induced voltage. The meter can move either to the left or to the right to indicate the direction and magnitude of induced voltage. When the conductor is moved, the amount of magnetic flux contained within the electrical circuit (which includes the wire and the connections to the meter and the meter itself) changes. This change induces voltage through the conductor. Electromagnetic induction takes place whenever there is a change in the amount of flux coupled by a circuit. In this case the motion of the conductor in the up direction causes more magnetic flux to be contained within the circuit and the meter  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. III – Direct Current Machines – Edward Spooner needle moves in one direction. Motion of the conductor in the down direction causes less magnetic flux to be coupled by the circuit and the meter needle moves in the opposite direction. The principle demonstrated here is the basis for large-scale electrical power generation. In order for an induced current to be developed, the conductor must be in a complete path or closed circuit, the induced voltage will then cause a current to flow in the circuit. 3. Current Carrying Wires and Coils The basic requirement of any electrical machine, whether ac or dc, is a method of producing torque. This section explores how two magnetic fields in a machine interact to produce a force which produces a torque in a rotating machine. U SA NE M SC PL O E– C EO H AP LS TE S R S – TO ACCESS ALL THE 34 PAGES OF THIS CHAPTER, Visit: http://www. eolss. net/Eolss-sampleAllChapter. spx Bibliography Clayton, Albert E. , Hancock N. N. [1959] â€Å"The performance and design of direct current machines. † Pitman Edwards J. D. (1991) â€Å"Electrical machines and drives : an introduction to principles and characteristics. † Basingstoke : Macmillan Fitzgerald A. E. , Kinglsey C. Jr. , (1961) â€Å"Electric Machinery† 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill. [Comprehe nsive text on electric machines. ] Guru B. S. , Hiziroglu H. R. , (2001) â€Å"Electric Machinery and Transformers† 3rd Edition, New York, Oxford University Press. [Good general text on electrical engineering including machines. Say M. G. (1983). Alternating Current Machines, 5th Edition, London: Pitman. [This covers the more advanced theory of electrical machines] Biographical Sketch E. D. Spooner graduated from the University New South Wales, Australia, and obtained his ME in 1965. He is currently a project leader for Australia’s Renewable Energy Systems testing Laboratory and Lecturer in Electrical Engineering. His research has covered power electronics and drives and is currently focused in renewable energy systems.  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) How to cite Propeller, Essay examples

The Selfish Gene Essay Research Paper Creationism free essay sample

The Selfish Gene Essay, Research Paper Creationism is a Bible based position of human beginning that provinces worlds were created in their current signifier and have non changed, or evolved, throughout the old ages. However the belief that our species has changed over clip to accommodate our environment is considered development. As both sides possess strong grounds for their decisions, the argument that stemmed many old ages ago, even before the celebrated Scopes test, has no terminal in sight. Recently province instruction boards in Kansas, Alabama and Kentucky have given school territories the chance to make up ones mind for themselves whether creationism will be taught, along with development, in their schoolrooms. Furthermore, the province of Colorado has dropped all inquiries on their standardised trials that pertain to development. Conversely, on October 8th, 1999 the New Mexico Board of Education voted overpoweringly to restrict the statewide scientific discipline course of study to the instruction of development ( Janofsky 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Selfish Gene Essay Research Paper Creationism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Creationists refer to the Bible to explicate that the Godhead developed the existence, including Adam and Eve. But, creationists besides use scientific discipline to confute the theory of development. Through the 2nd jurisprudence of thermodynamics, which states that a system is ever heading towards upset, creationists explain that there was one time a clip when the existence was more orderly and that uniqueness existed about 15 billion old ages ago. If this is true, where did this uniqueness come from? Creationists believe that merely a superior Godhead could hold set forth this status. Although development is merely a theory, it is widely accepted and is based entirely on scientific information. Through the 2nd jurisprudence of thermodynamics evolutionists believe that worlds should go on in a form of upset as are those things neglected in a system. However, worlds have become more orderly and more suited for their environment, clearly a procedure that is carried out by gradual alteration over clip. Through Charles Darwin s The Origin of Species, published in 1859, the universe was introduced to natural choice and the theory of development. In his autobiography, Darwin states It was apparent that such facts as these, every bit good as many others, could be explained on the guess that species bit by bit become modified ( 118-119 ) . This type of thought in his times was highly extremist and unheard of, but throughout the old ages development has been explored further and accepted by most scientists. Further research into the beginning of adult male proved that cistrons were the maps by which worlds change. In The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins states # 8220 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; [ T ] he cardinal unit of choice, and hence of opportunism, is non the species, nor the group, nor even, purely, the person. It is the cistron, the unit of heredity # 8221 ; ( 11 ) . Equally long as there is faith and scientists are researching the beginning of adult male, the argument on creationism and development will continue. As with all arguments this will go on until something better comes along to replace it. Without Charles Darwin as a flicker of this argument, worlds might still be inquiring aimlessly without a hint as to their beginning. Plants Cited Darwin, Charles. The Autobiography of Charles Darwin: 1809-1882. New York: Harcourt, 1959. Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford, 1989. Janofsky, Michael. # 8221 ; New Mexico Bars Creationism From State Curriculum. # 8221 ; New York Times Oct. 1999. New York Times web site. Online. Internet. 14, Oct. 1999.